The Proceeds of Crime Act outlines several ways to recover assets. Both police and other enforcement agencies may use any combination of the following processes, often quickly and without warning.
Asset freezing and forfeiture orders
Under POCA, courts and law enforcement agencies can freeze a person’s assets if there is a suspicion they are linked to criminal conduct. If those assets are later proven to be the proceeds of crime, a forfeiture order may be granted, permanently removing them from the individual’s possession.
Bank freezing orders
These orders allow authorities to prohibit transactions on specified bank accounts, preventing funds from being moved while an investigation or legal proceedings are ongoing. The measure is designed to stop suspects dissipating assets that may be subject to confiscation or forfeiture.
Cash and asset seizure
Under certain circumstances, law enforcement officers can seize cash if they have reasonable grounds to believe it is derived from, or intended for use in, unlawful activity. If a court upholds that the money is criminally tainted, the seized cash can be forfeited.
Confiscation orders
Confiscation orders under POCA 2002 require offenders to pay a sum of money reflecting the benefit they have gained from criminal conduct. Failure to comply can lead to additional penalties or imprisonment, ensuring that individuals cannot profit from their crimes.
Restraint orders
A restraint order freezes a defendant’s realisable assets during criminal investigations or proceedings. This prevents the disposal or transfer of property that may later be needed to fulfil a confiscation order if the defendant is convicted.
Unexplained wealth orders
UWOs compel individuals to provide information on how they acquired specific assets when there is suspicion that their known income could not have financed them. If the individual cannot adequately explain the source of funds, authorities can pursue further action, such as civil recovery or criminal prosecution.
Civil recovery orders under Part 5 of POCA
Under Part 5 of POCA, civil recovery orders enable the authorities to recover property obtained through unlawful conduct, without necessarily bringing a criminal prosecution. The process relies on a ‘balance of probabilities’ test, and if a court is satisfied that the property in question has been derived from criminal activity, it can be seized and removed from possession. This part of the legislation, added with s241A in 2017, also outlines the seizure of assets obtained from human rights abuse and violation.